Methods for treating disorders that involve immunoglobulin a

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are FDC-SP polypeptides and methods of using such polypeptides. Methods include, but are not limited to, altering IgA concentration in a subject, treating a subject having signs of a disorder that includes excessive IgA production, identifying a compound that decreases the concentration of IgA in an animal, and identifying a compound that treats a condition associated with increased levels of IgA. Also provided herein is an animal that has decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence. The animal may develop pathophysiological features of IgA nephropathy, and/or may display increased IgA in serum, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or a combination thereof; increased IgA expressing B lymphocytes in circulation, lymphoid tissue, or a combination thereof; or increased IgA production in vitro by isolated B lymphocytes

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/433,449, filed Jan. 17, 2011, which is incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

IgA nephropathy (IgAN), also known as Berger disease, is the most common cause of chronic glomerulonephritis and leads to end stage kidney failure in about 25% of cases. Twenty to forty percent of IgAN patients receiving kidney transplants suffer disease recurrence within 5 years of transplant. The onset of IgAN has been associated with upper respiratory tract infections that trigger the mucosal immune system. As a result of hyper-reactivity of the mucosal immune system, B cells produce increased amounts of IgA leading to IgA deposition in kidney glomeruli. IgA deposition leads to glomerular inflammation, resulting in kidney dysfunction, hypertension and slow progression towards kidney failure.

Current treatments for IgAN are aimed at slowing kidney damage and include anti-hypertensives to control blood pressure and steroid treatment to reduce inflammation. Long term dialysis and kidney transplantation are used to treat end stage kidney failure but have a large negative impact on patient quality of life. Currently, no specific treatment is available to correct hyper-active mucosal immune responses or reduce IgA levels.

Research into pathological mechanisms and new treatments for IgAN have been hampered by lack of appropriate animal models. Currently reported mouse models for IgAN include a multigenic outbred model with variable disease progression (ddY mouse), a single gene knockout that affects IgA deposition but not IgA production (uteroglobulin knockout), and a recently reported mouse transgenic for a B cell activating factor (BAFF transgenic). None of these models selectively impact on IgA production and have to date not been widely adopted for IgAN studies.

IgAN is estimated to affect over 60,000 people in the US, and several fold higher incidence of IgAN is reported among Asian populations. IgAN is incurable and the current limited treatment options include management of hypertension and administering non-specific anti-inflammatories in order to delay the need for dialysis or transplantation. No targeted therapies for reducing IgA production are available.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the discovery and characterization of polypeptides that play a role in the production of IgA, and to the generation of an animal model that exhibits IgA nephropathy. The compositions and methods embodied in the present invention are particularly useful for drug screening and/or treatment of disorders that involve IgA.

Provided herein are uses of an FDC-SP polypeptide and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In one embodiment, the use is in the manufacture of a medicament for treating an IgA mediated condition. In one embodiment, the use is for treating an IgA mediated condition. An example of such a condition includes a glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Another example of such a condition includes IgA pemphigus. In one embodiment, the use is in the manufacture of a medicament for decreasing IgA concentration. In one embodiment, the use is for decreasing IgA concentration.

The FDC-SP polypeptide may include an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ 11) NO:4. The FDC-SP polypeptide may include an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2 or 4.

Also provided herein are methods of using an FDC-SP polypeptide. In one embodiment, a method includes altering IgA concentration in a subject by administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of an FDC-SP polypeptide, wherein the FDC-SP polypeptide results in a decreased IgA level in the subject compared to the subject before the administration. The IgA level may be decreased, for instance, in serum, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, in saliva, or a combination thereof. The method may further include identifying a subject having or at risk of an IgA mediated condition. The decrease may be a decrease of at least 10%.

The FDC-SP polypeptide may include an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4. The FDC-SP polypeptide may include an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2 or 4.

In one embodiment, a method includes treating a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of a FDC-SP polypeptide, wherein the subject has signs of a disorder that includes excessive IgA production. An example of such a disorder includes a glomerulonephritis, such as IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Another example of such a disorder includes IgA pemphigus.

Provided herein is an animal that has decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence, and which develops pathophysiological features of IgA nephropathy selected from IgA deposition in kidneys, mesangial hyperproliferation, and polypeptide deposition in glomeruli. Also provided herein is an animal that has decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence, wherein the animal has at least one of the following: increased IgA in serum, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or a combination thereof; increased IgA expressing B lymphocytes in circulation, lymphoid tissue, or a combination thereof; or increased IgA production in vitro by isolated B lymphocytes; wherein the increase is compared to a control mouse. In one embodiment, the animal may have a heterozygous disruption of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence. In one embodiment, the animal may have a homozygous disruption of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence. In one embodiment, the animal is not a human. In one embodiment, the animal is a mouse.

Also provided herein is a cell from the animal, wherein the cell has decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence. Examples of such cells include, but are not limited to, a follicular dendritic cell, a monocyte, or a macrophage. Also provided herein is a tissue from the animal. The tissue may be, but is not limited to, lymphoid tissue.

Provided herein are methods for identifying a compound that decreases the concentration of IgA in an animal. In one embodiment, the method includes administering to an animal a compound, and measuring the concentration of IgA, wherein a decreased concentration of IgA in an animal administered the compound compared to the concentration of IgA before the administration indicates the compound decreases the concentration of IgA in an animal. The concentration of IgA may be decreased, for instance, in serum, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or a combination thereof. The concentration of IgA may be measured by determining the number of IgA expressing B lymphocytes in circulation, lymphoid tissue, or a combination thereof, of the animal. A decrease in the number of IgA expressing B lymphocytes indicates a decreased concentration of IgA in the animal.

Provided herein are methods for identifying a compound that treats a condition associated with increased levels of IgA. In one embodiment, the method includes administering to an animal a compound, wherein the animal displays a sign of a condition associated with increased levels of IgA, and evaluating a sign of a condition associated with increased levels of IgA, wherein a decrease in the presence of a sign indicates treats a condition associated with increased levels of IgA. The sign may be selected from IgA deposition in kidneys, mesangial hyperproliferation, polypeptide deposition in glomeruli, proteinurea, or a combination thereof. The animal may include decreased expression of an FDC-SP polypeptide.

Also provided herein are polypeptides. In one embodiment, a polypeptide has immuno-modulatory activity, and includes an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the isolated polypeptide either (1) comprises no greater than 40 amino acids, or (2) comprises greater than 45 amino acids. In one embodiment, a polypeptide has immuno-modulatory activity, and includes an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid and no greater than 99% similarity with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4. In one embodiment, a polypeptide has immuno-modulatory activity, and includes an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X_(t) and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% similarity with a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2 or 4.

As used herein, the term “polypeptide” refers broadly to a polymer of two or more amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. The term “polypeptide” also includes molecules which contain more than one polypeptide joined by a disulfide bond, or complexes of polypeptides that are joined together, covalently or noncovalently, as multimers (e.g., dimers, tetramers). Thus, the terms peptide, oligopeptide, enzyme, and protein are all included within the definition of polypeptide and these terms are used interchangeably. It should be understood that these terms do not connote a specific length of a polymer of amino acids, nor are they intended to imply or distinguish whether the polypeptide is produced using recombinant techniques, chemical or enzymatic synthesis, or is naturally occurring. An “isolated” polypeptide is one that has been removed from a cell. For instance, an isolated polypeptide is a polypeptide that has been removed from the cytoplasm a cell, and many of the polypeptides, nucleic acids, and other cellular material of its natural environment are no longer present. A “purified” polypeptide is one that is at least 60% free, preferably at least 75% free, and most preferably at least 90% free from other components of a cell.

As used herein, a polypeptide may be “structurally similar” to a reference polypeptide if the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide possesses a specified amount of sequence similarity and/or sequence identity compared to the reference polypeptide. Thus, a polypeptide may be “structurally similar” to a reference polypeptide if, compared to the reference polypeptide, it possesses a sufficient level of amino acid sequence identity, amino acid sequence similarity, or a combination thereof.

As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides, peptide nucleic acids, or a combination thereof, and includes both single-stranded molecules and double-stranded duplexes. A polynucleotide can be obtained directly from a natural source, or can be prepared with the aid of recombinant, enzymatic, or chemical techniques. A polynucleotide described herein may be isolated. An “isolated” polynucleotide is one that has been removed from its natural environment. Polynucleotides that are produced by recombinant, enzymatic, or chemical techniques are considered to be isolated and purified by definition, since they were never present in a natural environment.

A “regulatory sequence” is a nucleotide sequence that regulates expression of a coding sequence to which it is operably linked. Nonlimiting examples of regulatory sequences include promoters, enhancers, transcription initiation sites, translation start sites, translation stop sites, transcription terminators, and poly(A) signals. The term “operably linked” refers to a juxtaposition of components such that they are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A regulatory sequence is “operably linked” to a coding region when it is joined in such a way that expression of the coding region is achieved under conditions compatible with the regulatory sequence.

The term “complementary” refers to the ability of two single stranded polynucleotides to base pair with each other, where an adenine on one polynucleotide will base pair to a thymine or uracil on a second polynucleotide and a cytosine on one polynucleotide will base pair to a guanine on a second polynucleotide.

Conditions that are “suitable” for an event to occur, or “suitable” conditions are conditions that do not prevent such events from occurring. Thus, these conditions permit, enhance, facilitate, and/or are conducive to the event.

As used herein, an antibody that can “specifically bind” a polypeptide is an antibody that interacts only with the epitope of the antigen that induced the synthesis of the antibody, or interacts with a structurally related epitope. An antibody that “specifically binds” to an epitope will, under the appropriate conditions, interact with the epitope even in the presence of a diversity of potential binding targets.

As used herein, “ex vivo” refers to a cell that has been removed from the body of an animal. Ex vivo cells include, for instance, primary cells (e.g., cells that have recently been removed from a subject and are capable of limited growth in tissue culture medium), and cultured cells (e.g., cells that are capable of long term culture in tissue culture medium).

As used herein, “B cell” refers to lymphocytes that are able to produce antibody that specifically bind an epitope of an antigen. Examples of B cells include plasma B cells, memory B cells, B-1 cells, B-2 cells, marginal zone B cells, and follicular B cells. A B cell may include surface antigens such as CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, surface immunoglobulin, Ig-alpha (also known as CD79A), and Ig-beta (also known as CD79B).

The term “and/or” means one or all of the listed elements or a combination of any two or more of the listed elements.

The words “preferred” and “preferably” refer to embodiments of the invention that may afford certain benefits, under certain circumstances. However, other embodiments may also be preferred, under the same or other circumstances. Furthermore, the recitation of one or more preferred embodiments does not imply that other embodiments are not useful, and is not intended to exclude other embodiments from the scope of the invention.

The terms “comprises” and variations thereof do not have a limiting meaning where these terms appear in the description and claims.

Unless otherwise specified, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” are used interchangeably and mean one or more than one.

Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).

For any method disclosed herein that includes discrete steps, the steps may be conducted in any feasible order. And, as appropriate, any combination of two or more steps may be conducted simultaneously.

The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The description that follows more particularly exemplifies illustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. A, Amino acid sequence of a mouse FDC-SP polypeptide, mFDC-SP (SEQ ID NO:6), a rat FDC-SP polypeptide, rFDC-SP (SEQ ID NO:7), a human FDC-SP polypeptide, hFDC-SP (SEQ ID NO:8), and a chimpanzee FDC-SP polypeptide, cFDC-SP (SEQ ID NO:9). The site of cleavage of the secretion signal is shown by the arrow. B, Nucleotide sequence of human FDC-SP mRNA (SEQ ID NO:10).

FIG. 2. A; schematic showing strategy for constructing a deletion within the mouse FDC-SP gene removing a coding region encoding an FDC-SP polypeptide (referred to a knockout or KO below). FIG. 2B. Nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) of the gene targeting construct shown in FIG. 2A. The location and sequence of the primer SC3-416 (SEQ ID NO:11), and the location and reverse sequence of the primer SC3-412 (SEQ ID NO:12) and the primer 4R2 (SEQ ID NO:13) are shown. Also shown are the two LoxP sites.

FIG. 3. Saliva was collected from anesthetized 10-14 week old control CD1 mice (WT) or FDC-SP transgenic (TG) mice and then animals were sacrificed by cardiac puncture to collect blood. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) fluid was collected by flushing lungs with 10 mL of PBS. Levels of IgA or IgM antibody isotypes were measured using specific ELISA assays.

FIG. 4. Saliva was collected from anesthetized 10-14 week old control C57BL6 mice (WT) or FDC-SP knockout (KO) mice generated using the targeting construct in FIG. 2. Animals were sacrificed by cardiac puncture to collect blood. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) fluid was collected by flushing lungs with 10 mL of PBS. Levels of the indicated antibody isotypes were measured using specific ELISA assays.

FIG. 5. Mesentaric lymph node, cervical lymph node, spleen, and blood cells were collected from young adult FDC-SP KO mice and frequency of IgA+B lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry. Bottom panels represent results from additional flow cytometry analyses which indicate otherwise normal B cell subset composition in FDC-SP KO mice. Graphs represent mean and SEM of 4 mice per genotype. Cervical and mesentaric refer to lymph nodes. T1, transitional type 1, gated as B220+IgM+CD23-CD21− lymphocytes; T2, transitional type 2, gated as B220+IgM+CD23+CD21+ lymphocytes; MZ, marginal zone, gated as B220+IgM+CD23-CD21+ lymphocytes; FO, follicular or B2 cells, gated as B220+IgM+CD23+CD21− lymphocytes; pre, pre-B cells, gated as B220+IgM-CD43−lymphocytes; pro, pro-B, gated as B220+IgM-CD43+ lymphocytes; Immature, immature B cells, gated as B220+IgM++CD43− lymphocytes; Mature, mature recirculating B cells, gated as B220++IgM++CD43− lymphocytes.

FIG. 6. B cells were purified from spleens of control (WT) or FDC-SP KO mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli, supernatants were harvested and IgA production was assessed by ELISA assays.

FIG. 7. B cells were purified from spleens of control or FDC-SP TG mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli, supernatants were harvested and IgA production was assessed by ELISA assays.

FIG. 8. B cells were purified from spleens of C57BL6 mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli and the indicated percentage of a supernatant containing recombinant FDC-SP (FDC-SP SN) or a control supernatant (Control SN). The resulting levels of IgA production by the cultured cells were measured by ELISA assay.

FIG. 9. The indicated synthetic peptides P1-P3 corresponding to mouse FDC-SP were added at the indicated concentrations to cultures of mouse B cells stimulated to produce IgA (TGFb1+IL-5). The resulting levels of IgA or IgM production were assessed by ELISA assays of culture supernatants. Percentage of cultured cells expressing IgA was also determined by flow cytometry (middle graph). P1 corresponds to amino acids 18-33 of mFDC-SP, P2 corresponds to amino acids 35-65 of mFDC-SP, and P3 corresponds to amino acids 60-84 of FDC-SP. Note that peptide P1 had no effect. Control peptides C1 and C2 were scrambled versions of corresponding FDC-SP derived peptides. hFDC-SP, human FDC-SP; mFDC-SP, mouse FDC-SP; urn, micromolar.

FIG. 10. The effect of the indicated synthetic peptides on IgA or IgM production were assessed by ELISA assays of culture supernatants collected after 5 days of culture (A) or 7 days of culture (B). Control peptide C5 was a scrambled version of P8. hFDC-SP, human FDC-SP; mFDC-SP, mouse FDC-SP; um, micromolar. P5 corresponds to amino acids 46-59 of mFDC-SP, P7 corresponds to amino acids 68-84 of mFDC-SP, and P8 corresponds to amino acids 60-65 of FDC-SP.

FIG. 11. Urine or serum collected from mice greater than one year old were assessed for the indicated biomarkers of kidney dysfunction.

FIG. 12. Kidneys from FDC-SP KO mice were assessed for abnormal histology by staining sections of formalin-fixed kidney with H&E or PAS stain.

FIG. 13. Kidney cryosections stained with FITC-labeled anti-IgA.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The present invention includes, but is not limited to, isolated polypeptides having immuno-modulatory activity. A polypeptide having immuno-modulatory activity is referred to herein as an FDC-SP polypeptide. An FDC-SP polypeptide is expressed by activated follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) from tonsils and TNF-α-activated FDC-like cell lines, such as FDC-1 and but not by B cell lines, primary germinal center B cells, or anti-CD40 plus IL-4-activated B cells. FDC-SP is also expressed in leukocyte-infiltrated tonsil crypts and by LPS- or Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1-activated leukocytes. FDC-SP is posttranslationally modified and secreted and can bind to the surface of B lymphoma cells, but not T lymphoma cells, and binding of FDC-SP to primary human B cells is markedly enhanced upon activation with the T-dependent activation signals such as anti-CD40 plus IL-4 (Marshall et al., 2002, J. Immunol., 169:2381-2389).

In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide is X₁X₂X₃ProTrpX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Tyr, Phe, or Asn, and X₄ is Tyr or Phe. As described in Example 1, this 6-mer has been found to have immuno-modulatory activity. In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide includes SEQ ID NO:1. In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide with SEQ ID NO:1 has a number of amino acids that is no greater than any number selected from an integer between 6 and 70, i.e., no greater than a number selected from 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 amino acids in length. In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide with SEQ ID NO:1 has a number of amino acids that includes or is greater than any number selected from an integer between 6 and 70, i.e., includes or is greater than a number selected from 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 amino acids in length. In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide with SEQ ID NO:1 has a number of amino acids selected from an integer between 6 and 70, i.e., is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, or 70 amino acids in length.

Examples of FDC-SP polypeptides that include SEQ ID NO:1 are depicted at SEQ ID NO:2 (see amino acids 21-84 of SEQ ID NO:6 in FIG. 1, which is encoded by nucleotides 121-314 of the mRNA disclosed in the Genbank database at accession number BC037156), SEQ ID NO:3 (see amino acids 21-81 of SEQ ID NO:7 in FIG. 1, which is also available from the Genbank database at accession number BAD77806.1), SEQ ID NO:4 (see amino acids 22-85 of SEQ ID NO:8, which is also available from the Genbank database at accession number AAN01116, and is encoded by nucleotides 49-306 of the mRNA disclosed in the Genbank database at accession number AF435080 [SEQ ID NO:10]), and SEQ ID NO:5 (see amino acids 22-85 of SEQ ID NO:9, which is also available from the Genbank database at accession number XP_(—)001160925.1). Other examples of FDC-SP polypeptides that include SEQ ID NO:1 are amino acids 34-65 and 60-84 of SEQ ID NO:6 and 35-64 and 59-85 of SEQ ID NO:8.

Other examples of FDC-SP polypeptides of the present invention include those that are structurally similar to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, and/or 5, or a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, or 5 provided the subset includes SEQ ID NO:1. An FDC-SP polypeptide having structural similarity with the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, and/or 5, or having structural similarity with a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, or 5, has immuno-modulatory activity.

Structural similarity of two polypeptides can be determined by aligning the residues of the two polypeptides (for example, a candidate polypeptide and any appropriate reference polypeptide described herein) to optimize the number of identical amino acids along the lengths of their sequences; gaps in either or both sequences are permitted in making the alignment in order to optimize the number of identical amino acids, although the amino acids in each sequence must nonetheless remain in their proper order. A reference polypeptide may be a polypeptide described herein. In one embodiment, a reference polypeptide is a full-length FDC-SP polypeptide, such as SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, or 9. In one embodiment, a reference polypeptide is an FDC-SP polypeptide that has been post-translationally processed to delete the signal sequence, for instance, SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, or 5. In one embodiment, a reference polypeptide includes a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, or 5 provided the subset includes SEQ ID NO:1 (e.g., provided the subset includes amino acids 40-45 of SEQ ID NO:2 if SEQ ID NO:2 is the reference sequence, amino acids 36-41 of SEQ ID NO:3 if SEQ ID NO:3 is the reference sequence, amino acids 38-43 of SEQ ID NO:4 if SEQ ID NO:4 is the reference sequence, or amino acids 38-43 of SEQ ID NO:5 if SEQ ID NO:5 is the reference sequence. A candidate polypeptide is the polypeptide being compared to the reference polypeptide. Thus, in one embodiment, a candidate polypeptide may be between 6 and 70 amino acids in length. A candidate polypeptide may be isolated, for example, from a cell, such as a human or mouse cell, or can be produced using recombinant techniques, or chemically or enzymatically synthesized. A candidate polypeptide may be inferred from a nucleotide sequence present in the genome of a cell.

Unless modified as otherwise described herein, a pair-wise comparison analysis of amino acid sequences can be carried out using the Blastp program of the blastp suite-2sequences search algorithm, as described by Tatiana et al., (FEMS Microbiol Lett, 174, 247-250 (1999)), and available on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. The default values for all blastp suite-2sequences search parameters may be used, including general paramters: expect threshold=10, word size=3, short queries=on; scoring parameters: matrix=BLOSUM62, gap costs=existence:11 extension:1, compositional adjustments=conditional compositional score matrix adjustment. Alternatively, polypeptides may be compared using the BESTFIT algorithm in the GCG package (version 10.2, Madison Wis.).

In the comparison of two amino acid sequences, structural similarity may be referred to by percent “identity” or may be referred to by percent “similarity.” “Identity” refers to the presence of identical amino acids. “Similarity” refers to the presence of not only identical amino acids but also the presence of conservative substitutions. A conservative substitution for an amino acid in a polypeptide described herein may be selected from other members of the class to which the amino acid belongs.

Thus, as used herein, a candidate polypeptide useful in the methods described herein includes those with at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence similarity to a reference amino acid sequence.

Alternatively, as used herein, a candidate polypeptide useful in the methods described herein includes those with at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% amino acid sequence identity to the reference amino acid sequence.

In one embodiment, an FDC-SP polypeptide includes a highly charged N-terminal region adjacent to and downstream of the secretion signal, and a moderately proline-rich central region. The highest degree of identity is evident in the charged N-terminal sequence. SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, and 9 are shown in FIG. 1 in a multiple protein alignment. Identical and conserved amino acids are marked in the consensus sequence with “!” and “*,” respectively.

In humans, FDC-SP is encoded by a single-copy coding region that maps to chromosome 4q13. The FDC-SP coding region is spread over 10 kb and contains five exons which encode the 5′ untranslated region (exon 1), the leader peptide (exon 2), most of the N-terminal charged region (exon 3), the remainder of the coding sequence (exon 4), and the 3′ untranslated sequence (exon 5) (see Marshall et al., 2002, J. Immunol., 169:2381-2389). The mouse FDC-SP coding sequence maps to chromosome 5E1. An FDC-SP polypeptide may be isolated from an animal, such as a human, chimpanzee, mouse, or rat. For instance, a genomic copy of an FDC-SP coding region may be isolated and the exon identified. An mRNA encoding an FDC-SP polypeptide, or a cDNA of such an mRNA, may be isolated. An FDC-SP polypeptide may be produced using recombinant techniques, or chemically or enzymatically synthesized using routine methods.

The amino acid sequence of an FDC-SP polypeptide having sequence similarity to SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, and/or 5, or a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2, 3, 4, or 5 provided the subset includes SEQ ID NO:1, may include conservative substitutions of the corresponding amino acids present in SEQ ID NO: 2, 3, 4, and/or 5. A conservative substitution is typically the substitution of one amino acid for another that is a member of the same class. For example, it is well known in the art of protein biochemistry that an amino acid belonging to a grouping of amino acids having a particular size or characteristic (such as charge, hydrophobicity, and/or hydrophilicity) may generally be substituted for another amino acid without substantially altering the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a polypeptide. For the purposes of this invention, conservative amino acid substitutions are defined to result from exchange of amino acids residues from within one of the following classes of residues: Class I: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile (representing aliphatic side chains); Class II: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Ser, and Thr (representing aliphatic and aliphatic hydroxyl side chains); Class III: Tyr, Ser, and Thr (representing hydroxyl side chains); Class IV: Cys and Met (representing sulfur-containing side chains); Class V: Glu, Asp, Asn and Gln (carboxyl or amide group containing side chains); Class VI: H is, Arg and Lys (representing basic side chains); Class VII: Gly, Ala, Pro, Trp, Tyr, Ile, Val, Leu, Phe and Met (representing hydrophobic side chains); Class VIII: Phe, Trp, and Tyr (representing aromatic side chains); and Class IX: Asn and Gln (representing amide side chains). The classes are not limited to naturally occurring amino acids, but also include artificial amino acids, such as beta or gamma amino acids and those containing non-natural side chains, and/or other similar monomers such as hydroxyacids. SEQ ID NO:6, 7, 8, and 9 are shown in FIG. 1 in a multiple protein alignment. Identical and conserved amino acids are marked in the consensus sequence with “!” and “*,” respectively.

Guidance concerning how to make phenotypically silent amino acid substitutions is provided in Bowie et al. (1990, Science, 247:1306-1310), wherein the authors indicate proteins are surprisingly tolerant of amino acid substitutions. For example, Bowie et al. disclose that there are two main approaches for studying the tolerance of a polypeptide sequence to change. The first method relies on the process of evolution, in which mutations are either accepted or rejected by natural selection. The second approach uses genetic engineering to introduce amino acid changes at specific positions of a cloned gene and selects or screens to identify sequences that maintain functionality. As stated by the authors, these studies have revealed that proteins are surprisingly tolerant of amino acid substitutions. The authors further indicate which changes are likely to be permissive at a certain position of the protein. For example, most buried amino acid residues require non-polar side chains, whereas few features of surface side chains are generally conserved. Other such phenotypically silent substitutions are described in Bowie et al, and the references cited therein.

A polypeptide of the present invention having immunoregulatory activity inhibits IgA production by B cells in vitro. Whether a polypeptide has immuno-modulatory activity may be determined by in vitro assays. An example of an in vitro assay is described in Example 1. The assay uses B cells, which in one embodiment may be a primary cell obtained from an animal, such as a mouse or human, or in another embodiment may be a B cell line. When obtained from an animal, B cells may be obtained from lymphoid tissues such as spleen, tonsil, and lymph node. In one embodiment, the assay includes depleting most (at least 95%) secretory IgA⁺ (sIgA⁺) B cells, stimulating the IgA-depleted B cells with either LPS and IL-5 or with TGF-b1 and IL5, for 2 hours, adding an FDC-SP polypeptide at concentrations between 0.5 micromolar and 2 micromolar to the medium, and incubating for 5 days. Supernatants may then be harvested and tested to determine the levels of IgA. In one embodiment, a polypeptide is considered to have immuno-modulatory activity if there is a statistically significant decrease in IgA concentration compared to a control not exposed to the FDC-SP polypeptide. In one embodiment, a polypeptide is considered to have immuno-modulatory activity if there is a decrease in IgA concentration of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% compared to a control not exposed to the FDC-SP polypeptide.

In one embodiment a polypeptide of the present invention having immuno-modulatory activity inhibits IgA production by B cells in vivo. In one embodiment, an example of an in vivo assay is administration of a polypeptide of the present invention to a mouse, such as an FDC-SP KO mouse (see Example 1). A polypeptide is considered to have immuno-modulatory activity if there is a statistically significant decrease in IgA levels in the mouse, for instance, in bronchoalveolar fluid, compared to a control mouse. In another embodiment, a polypeptide is considered to have immuno-modulatory activity if there is a significant reduction in IgA-related kidney pathology compared to a control mouse.

A polypeptide of the present invention may be expressed as a fusion that includes an additional amino acid sequence not normally or naturally associated with the polypeptide. In one embodiment, the additional amino acid sequence may be useful for purification of the fusion polypeptide by affinity chromatography. Various methods are available for the addition of such affinity purification moieties to proteins. Representative examples include, for instance, polyhistidine-tag (His-tag) and maltose-binding protein (see, for instance, Hopp et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,004), Hopp et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,137), Sgarlato (U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,824), and Sharma (U.S. Pat. No. 5,594,115)). In one embodiment, the additional amino acid sequence may be a carrier polypeptide. The carrier polypeptide may be used to increase the immunogenicity of the fusion polypeptide to increase production of antibodies that specifically bind to a polypeptide of the invention. The invention is not limited by the types of carrier polypeptides that may be used to create fusion polypeptides. Examples of carrier polypeptides include, but are not limited to, keyhole limpet hemacyanin, bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, mouse serum albumin, rabbit serum albumin, and the like. In another embodiment, the additional amino acid sequence may be a fluorescent polypeptide (e.g., green, yellow, blue, or red fluorescent proteins) or other amino acid sequences that can be detected in a cell, for instance, a cultured cell, or a tissue sample that has been removed from an animal. If a polypeptide of the present invention includes an additional amino acid sequence not normally or naturally associated with the polypeptide, the additional amino acids are not considered when percent structural similarity to a reference amino acid sequence is determined.

Polypeptides of the present invention can be produced using recombinant DNA techniques, such as an expression vector present in a cell. Such methods are routine and known in the art. The polypeptides may also be synthesized in vitro, e.g., by solid phase peptide synthetic methods. The solid phase peptide synthetic methods are routine and known in the art. A polypeptide produced using recombinant techniques or by solid phase peptide synthetic methods can be further purified by routine methods, such as fractionation on immunoaffinity or ion-exchange columns, ethanol precipitation, reverse phase HPLC, chromatography on silica or on an anion-exchange resin such as DEAE, chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration using, for example, Sephadex G-75, or ligand affinity

The present invention also includes polynucleotides. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide described herein. Also included are the complements of such polynucleotide sequences. A person of ordinary skill can easily determine a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide described herein by reference to the standard genetic code. A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having immuno-modulatory activity is referred to herein as an FDC-SP polynucleotide. In one embodiment, FDC-SP polynucleotides may have a nucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO:4. An example of the class of nucleotide sequences encoding such a polypeptide is SEQ ID NO:10. It should be understood that a polynucleotide encoding an FDC-SP polypeptide represented by SEQ ID NO:4 is not limited to the nucleotide sequence disclosed at SEQ ID NO:10, but also includes the class of polynucleotides encoding such polypeptides as a result of the degeneracy of the genetic code. For example, the naturally occurring nucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO:10 is but one member of the class of nucleotide sequences encoding a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:4. The class of nucleotide sequences encoding a selected polypeptide sequence is large but finite, and the nucleotide sequence of each member of the class may be readily determined by one skilled in the art by reference to the standard genetic code, wherein different nucleotide triplets (codons) are known to encode the same amino acid.

An FDC-SP polynucleotide of the present invention may further include heterologous nucleotides flanking the open reading frame encoding the FDC-SP polynucleotide. Typically, heterologous nucleotides may be at the 5′ end of the coding region, at the 3′ end of the coding region, or the combination thereof. The number of heterologous nucleotides may be, for instance, at least 10, at least 100, or at least 1000.

The present invention also includes antibodies that specifically bind a polypeptide of the present invention. In one embodiment, an antibody specifically binds amino acids 60-65 of SEQ ID NO:6, amino acids 56-61 of SEQ ID NO:7, amino acids 59-64 of SEQ ID NO:8, and/or amino acids 59-64 of SEQ ID NO:9. In one embodiment, a short polypeptide may be coupled to a carrier polypeptide to increase immunogenicity, and an adjuvant may be used to also increase immunogenicity. In one embodiment, an antibody specifically binds amino acids 34-65 of SEQ ID NO:6, amino acids 60-84 of SEQ ID NO:6, amino acids 35-64 or SEQ ID NO:8, and/or amino acids 59-85 of SEQ ID NO:8.

Antibody may be produced using a polypeptide described herein. The antibody may be polyclonal or monoclonal. Laboratory methods for producing, characterizing, and optionally isolating polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are known in the art (see, for instance, Harlow E. et al., 1988, Antibodies: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor). For instance, a polypeptide of the present invention may be administered to an animal, such as a mammal or a chicken, in an amount effective to cause the production of antibody specific for the administered polypeptide. Optionally, a polypeptide may be mixed with an adjuvant, for instance Freund's incomplete adjuvant, to stimulate the production of antibodies upon administration.

Antibody fragments include at least a portion of the variable region of an antibody that specifically binds to its target. Examples of antibody fragments include, for instance, scFv, Fab, F(ab′)₂, Fv, a single chain variable region, and the like. Fragments of intact molecules can be generated using methods well known in the art and include enzymatic digestion and recombinant means.

An antibody of the present invention may be coupled (also referred to as conjugated) to a detectable label, e.g., a molecule that is easily detected by various methods. Examples include, but are not limited to, radioactive elements; enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, and the like); fluorescent, phosphorescent, and chemiluminescent dyes; latex and magnetic particles; cofactors (such as biotin); dye crystallites, gold, silver, and selenium colloidal particles; metal chelates; coenzymes; electroactive groups; oligonucleotides, stable radicals, and others. Methods for conjugating a detectable label to antibody vary with the type of label, and such methods are known and routinely used by the person skilled in the art.

The present invention is also directed to compositions including one or more polypeptides described herein. Such compositions typically include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes, but is not limited to, saline, solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Additional active compounds can also be incorporated into the compositions.

A composition may be prepared by methods well known in the art of pharmacy. In general, a composition can be formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Administration may be systemic or local. In some aspects local administration may have advantages for site-specific, targeted disease management. Local therapies may provide high, clinically effective concentrations directly to the treatment site, with less likelihood of causing systemic side effects.

Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal, subcutaneous, oral, transdermal (topical), and transmucosal administration. In one embodiment, administration may include use of a delivery tool, such as a syringe, for direct injection into a specific site (e.g., during surgery) or by catheter.

Solutions or suspensions can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for administration, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates; electrolytes, such as sodium ion, chloride ion, potassium ion, calcium ion, and magnesium ion, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. A composition can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

Compositions can include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EL™ (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) or phosphate buffered saline. A composition is typically sterile and, when suitable for injectable use, should be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyetheylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof. Prevention of the action of microorganisms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like. In many cases, it will be preferable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

Sterile solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound (e.g., a polypeptide described herein) in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients such as those enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle, which contains a dispersion medium and other ingredients such as from those enumerated above. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, methods of preparation that may be used include vacuum drying and freeze-drying which yields a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.

Oral compositions may include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like may contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.

For administration by inhalation, the active compounds may be delivered in the form of an aerosol spray from a pressured container or dispenser which contains a suitable propellant, e.g., a gas such as carbon dioxide, or a nebulizer.

Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds may be formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art. An example of transdermal administration includes iontophoretic delivery to the dermis or to other relevant tissues.

The active compounds may be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Such formulations can be prepared using standard techniques. The materials can also be obtained commercially. Liposomal suspensions can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Delivery reagents such as lipids, cationic lipids, phospholipids, liposomes, and microencapsulation may also be used.

In one embodiment, an active compound may be associated with a targeting group. As used herein, a “targeting group” refers to a chemical species that interacts, either directly or indirectly, with the surface of a cell, for instance with a molecule present on the surface of a cell, e.g., a receptor. The interaction can be, for instance, an ionic bond, a hydrogen bond, a Van der Waals force, or a combination thereof. Examples of targeting groups include, for instance, saccharides, polypeptides (including hormones), polynucleotides, fatty acids, and catecholamines. Another example of a targeting group is an antibody. The interaction between the targeting group and a molecule present on the surface of a cell, e.g., a receptor, may result in the uptake of the targeting group and associated active compound. For instance, B cell-specific antigens may be used, such as, but not limited to, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, surface immunoglobulin, Ig-alpha, and Ig-beta.

When a polynucleotide is introduced into cells using any suitable technique, the polynucleotide may be delivered into the cells by, for example, transfection or transduction procedures. Transfection and transduction refer to the acquisition by a cell of new genetic material by incorporation of added polynucleotides. Transfection can occur by physical or chemical methods. Many transfection techniques are known to those of ordinary skill in the art including, without limitation, calcium phosphate DNA co-precipitation, DEAE-dextrin DNA transfection, electroporation, naked plasmid adsorption, cationic liposome-mediated transfection (commonly known as lipofection). Transduction refers to the process of transferring nucleic acid into a cell using a DNA or RNA virus.

Transgenic mice expressing increased levels of FDC-SP polypeptide showed no evidence of toxicity associated with the polypeptide, and it is expected that administration of an FDC-SP polypeptide to an animal will not be toxic. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such active compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).

The data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such active compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For a compound used in the methods of the invention, it may be possible to estimate the therapeutically effective dose initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of signs and/or symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans.

The compositions can be administered one or more times per day to one or more times per week, including once every other day. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with an effective amount of a polynucleotide or a polypeptide can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments.

Provided herein are animals with decreased FDC-SP expression. Such animals exhibit pathophysiological features of IgA nephropathy including one or more of IgA deposition in kidneys, mesangial hyperproliferation, polypeptide deposition in glomeruli, increased proteinurea, and increased hematuria. Such animals exhibit other characteristics including, but limited to, elevated IgA in serum, saliva and/or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased IgA expressing B lymphocytes in circulation and several lymphoid tissues. Specific cells of such animals may exhibit decreased FDC-SP expression, including, but not limited to, follicular dendritic cells, monocytes, and/or macrophages. Animals of any species, including, but not limited to, mice, rats, rabbits, and primates, e.g., baboons, monkeys, chimpanzees, and humans may be used to generate an animal with decreased FDC-SP expression.

In one embodiment, an animal with decreased FDC-SP expression is a transgenic animal. A “transgenic animal” is an animal containing one or more cells bearing genetic information received, directly or indirectly, by deliberate genetic manipulation or by inheritance from a manipulated progenitor, such as by microinjection or infection with a recombinant viral vector. This introduced polynucleotide may be integrated within a chromosome. In one embodiment, the introduced polynucleotide is integrated into an FDC-SP locus. A transgenic animal is a non-human animal.

In another embodiment, an animal with decreased FDC-SP expression is an animal administered a polynucleotide, such as an siRNA, that decreases expression of FDC-SP.

A transgenic animal of the present invention can be broadly categorized as a “knock-out.” A “knock-out” has a disruption in the target coding region via the introduction of a transgene that results in a decrease of function of the target coding region. A disruption in a target coding region is one that has been mutated using homologous recombination or other approaches known in the art. A disrupted coding sequence can be either a hypomorphic allele of the coding sequence or a null allele of the coding sequence. The term “transgene” refers to a polynucleotide, which is partly or entirely heterologous, i.e., foreign, to the transgenic animal or cell into which it is introduced, or, is homologous to an endogenous gene of the transgenic animal or cell into which it is introduced, but which is designed to be inserted into the animal's genome in such a way as to alter the genome of the cell into which it is inserted (e.g., its insertion results in a knockout). For example, a transgene may be directed to disrupting one or more FDC-SP coding regions by homologous recombination with genomic sequences of an FDC-SP coding region.

In one embodiment, expression of the target coding region is insignificant or undetectable. In one embodiment, expression of the target coding region is decreased by at least 40%, at least 60%, at least 80%, or at least 90% compared to a control animal. A knock-out transgenic animal can be heterozygous or homozygous with respect to a disrupted target coding region.

A transgenic animal of the present invention includes one that carries heterozygous or homozygous knock out in all their cells, as well as animals which carry heterozygous or homozygous knock out in some, but not all their cells, i.e., mosaic animals. Also provided herein are cells and tissues from a transgenic animal of the present invention.

Coding sequences may be altered in many types of animals. Targeting of a coding region involves the use of standard recombinant DNA techniques to introduce a desired mutation into a cloned polynucleotide of a chosen locus, e.g., a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence derived from an FDC-SP coding region. That mutation is then transferred through homologous recombination to the genome of a pluripotent, embryo-derived stem (ES) cell. The altered stem cells are microinjected into mouse blastocysts and are incorporated into the developing mouse embryo to ultimately develop into chimeric animals. In some cases, germ line cells of the chimeric animals will be derived from the genetically altered ES cells, and the mutant genotypes can be transmitted through breeding.

In order to target a coding region, the coding region of interest may be cloned and modified to result in a disruption when it is inserted into a target coding region by homologous recombination. A cloned coding region may be modified to include a polynucleotide encoding a selectable marker. A selectable marker is useful for selecting stable transformants in culture, and example include puromycin, adenosine deaminase (ADA), aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (neo, G418, APH), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hygromycin-B-phosphtransferase, thymidine kinase (TK), and xanthin-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (XGPRT). Optionally, a sequence encoding a selectable marker can be flanked by recognition sequences for a recombinase such as, e.g., Cre or Flp. For example, a selectable marker can be flanked by loxP recognition sites (34 by recognition sites recognized by the Cre recombinase) or FRT recognition sites such that the selectable marker can be excised from the construct (Orban, et al., 1992, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:6861-6865, Brand and Dymecki, 2004, Dev. Cell., 6:7-28). Crossing the transgenic animal with another animal expressing Cre or Flp can result in excision of the nucleotides between the recognition sites to result in a knock out. Thus, this technology results in the gross destruction of the coding region of interest.

Methods for making transgenic animals are known in the art and are routine. The transgenic animal cells of the present invention may be prepared by introducing one or more DNA molecules into a cell, which may be a precursor pluripotent cell, such as an ES cell, or equivalent (Robertson, E. J., In: Current Communications in Molecular Biology, Capecchi, M. R. (ed.), Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989), pp. 39-44). The term “precursor” is intended to denote only that the pluripotent cell is a precursor to the desired (“transfected”) pluripotent cell. The pluripotent (precursor or transfected) cell can be cultured in vivo in a manner known in the art (Evans, M. J. et al., Nature 292:154-156 (1981)) to form a chimeric or transgenic animal.

An animal with decreased FDC-SP expression may be an animal administered a polynucleotide, such as an siRNA, that decreases expression of FDC-SP. Decreasing expression of an FDC-SP coding region may be accomplished by using a portion of a polynucleotide described herein. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide for decreasing expression of an FDC-SP coding region in a cell includes one strand, referred to herein as the sense strand, of at least 19 nucleotides, for instance, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides (e.g., lengths useful for dsRNAi and/or antisense RNA). The sense strand is substantially identical, preferably, identical, to a target coding region or a target mRNA. As used herein, the term “identical” means the nucleotide sequence of the sense strand has the same nucleotide sequence as a portion of the target coding region or the target mRNA. As used herein, the term “substantially identical” means the sequence of the sense strand differs from the sequence of a target mRNA at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of the nucleotides, and the remaining nucleotides are identical to the sequence of the mRNA.

In one embodiment, a polynucleotide for decreasing expression of an FDC-SP coding region in a cell includes one strand, referred to herein as the antisense strand. The antisense strand may be at least 19 nucleotides, for instance, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, or 29 nucleotides. In one embodiment, a polynucleotide for decreasing expression of an FDC-SP coding region in a cell includes substantially all of a coding region, or in some cases, an entire coding region. An antisense strand is substantially complementary, preferably, complementary, to a target coding region or a target mRNA. As used herein, the term “substantially complementary” means that at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, or 5% of the nucleotides of the antisense strand are not complementary to a nucleotide sequence of a target coding region or a target mRNA.

The present invention includes methods for using the polypeptides disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the methods include administering to a subject an effective amount of a polypeptide described herein. The subject can be, for instance, a member of the family Muridae (a murine animal such as rat or mouse), or a primate, such as a human.

In one embodiment, the methods may include decreasing IgA concentration in a subject. In this aspect of the invention, an “effective amount” is an amount effective to result in a decrease of in the IgA concentration in a subject. Without intending to be limited by theory, the method may result in inhibition of IgA production by the subject's B cells, and/or the method may result in inhibition of generation of IgA producing B cells.

The decrease of IgA concentration may be in any tissue or fluid of the subject. For example, an IgA concentration may be decreased in the subject's serum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, saliva, gut, or a combination thereof. The decrease in IgA concentration does not require a decrease in all tissues and fluids of a subject. For instance, the IgA concentration may decrease in a subject's serum but not in the subject's saliva. In one embodiment, the decrease in IgA concentration may be a decrease of at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, or at least 80% compared to the IgA concentration in the same tissue or fluid of the subject before the administration. Methods for determining the concentration of IgA in a tissue or fluid are known in the art and routine.

The present invention also includes methods of treating certain diseases in a subject. The subject may be a mammal, including members of the family Muridae (a murine animal such as rat or mouse), or a primate, such as a human. As used herein, the term “disease” refers to any deviation from or interruption of the normal structure or function of a part, organ, or system, or combination thereof, of a subject that is manifested by a characteristic sign or set of signs. As used herein, the term “sign” refers to objective evidence of a disease present in a subject. Signs associated with diseases referred to herein and the evaluation of such signs is routine and known in the art. Diseases include conditions associated with excessive IgA production. Examples of such conditions include, but are not limited to, IgA nephropathy, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, and IgA pemphigus. Typically, whether a subject has a disease, and whether a subject is responding to treatment, may be determined by evaluation of signs associated with the disease. For instance, signs of IgA nephropathy include hematuria, elevated levels of circulating IgA-fibronectin complex, and granular deposition of IgA and C3 in a widened renal mesangium, with foci of segmental proliferative or necrotizing lesions.

Treatment of a disease can be prophylactic or, alternatively, can be initiated after the development of a disease. Treatment that is prophylactic, for instance, initiated before a subject manifests signs of a disease, is referred to herein as treatment of a subject that is “at risk” of developing a disease. An example of a subject that is at risk of developing a disease is a person having a risk factor. Risk factors for one disease, IgA nephropathy, are thought to include activation of mucosal defenses by, for instance, immunization, and geographical location, where IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerular disease in the Far East (including China, Japan, and South Korea) and Southeast Asia (including Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Treatment can be performed before, during, or after the occurrence of the diseases described herein. Treatment initiated after the development of a disease may result in decreasing the severity of the signs of the disease, or completely removing the signs.

In some aspects, the methods typically include administering to the subject an effective amount of an FDC-SP polypeptide, The subject may have symptoms of a disease that includes excessive IgA production. As used herein, an “effective amount” is an amount effective to inhibit decrease IgA levels in a subject, decrease signs associated with a disease, or the combination thereof. Whether a polypeptide is expected to function in methods of the present invention relating to treatment can be evaluated using the animal model described herein.

Another method of the present invention includes contacting a cell with a polypeptide described herein. The cell may be ex vivo. The cell may be a B cell, a T cell, or dendritic cell. Examples of B cells includes plasma B cells, memory B cells, B-2 cells, marginal zone B cells, and follicular B cells. The cells may be animal cells, such as vertebrate cells, including murine (rat or mouse), or primate cells, such as human cells. In one embodiment the cells may be obtained from, for instance, spleen, primary lymph node, secondary lymph node, or plasma. Other examples of animals from which cells may be obtained include a transgenic animal that expresses increased amounts of FDC-SP and an animal described herein that expresses decreased amounts of FDC-SP. In one embodiment, cell lines may be used. Examples of such cell lines may include FDC-1 cells, BK cells, or L cells containing an FDC-SP expression vector or induced to express FDC-SP using TNF-alpha. In one embodiment, such as when the cells are B cells, the cells are first induced with either LPS and IL-5 or with TGF-b1 and IL5. In one embodiment, for instance when the cell is a B cell, the contacting may result in decreasing IgA production by the B cells, and/or inhibition of generation of IgA producing B cells.

The methods of the present invention can include administering to a subject having a disease or at risk of developing a disease a composition including an effective amount of a polypeptide of the present invention, wherein the concentration of IgA in a tissue and/or fluid is decreased, a sign associated with the disease is decreased, or a combination thereof. Methods for administering a polypeptide of the present invention include, but are not limited to, oral, respiratory, and/or parenteral administration.

The polynucleotides of the present invention can also be administered to a subject in combination with other therapeutic compounds to increase the overall therapeutic effect. Therapeutic compounds useful for the treatment of the diseases described herein are known and used routinely. Agents for treating diseases described herein are available that may be used as a second, supplemental agent, to complement the activity of the polypeptides described herein. Such agents may include, for instance, steroids.

Also included in the present invention are methods for identifying a compound that decreases the production of IgA by a cell. In one embodiment the method includes contacting a cell, such as a B cell, with a compound, incubating the cell and the agent under conditions suitable for culturing the cell, and measuring the production of IgA by the cell. The B cell may be stimulated to produce IgA prior to the contacting, or the B cell may already be producing IgA. For instance, the B cell may constitutively produce IgA or it may be isolated from an animal as an IgA producing B cell. The cell used in the method may be an ex vivo cell, such as a cell line or a cell removed from an animal. The animal may be a wild type animal, or the animal disclosed herein (an animal producing increased amounts of IgA). The cell contacted with the agent having decreased IgA production when compared to IgA production by a corresponding control cell that was not contacted with the compound indicates the compound decreases the production of IgA by the cell. The compound can be, but is not limited to, a chemical compound, including, for instance, an organic compound, an inorganic compound, a metal, a polypeptide, a non-ribosomal polypeptide, a polyketide, or a peptidomimetic compound. The sources for potential compounds to be screened include, for instance, chemical compound libraries, cell extracts of plants and other vegetations.

The present invention also includes methods for using the animal model disclosed herein. As set forth in the Examples, an animal expressing decreased levels of FDC-SP has a phenotype that is characterized by pathophysiological features of IgA nephropathy including one or more of IgA deposition in kidneys, mesangial hyperproliferation, polypeptide deposition in glomeruli, increased proteinurea, and increased hematuria. Such a phenotype is similar to the signs associated with IgA nephropathy in humans.

Thus, the present invention provides a model system that includes the animals disclosed herein, and methods useful in the study of aspects of the etiology of diseases associated with increased levels of IgA, such as IgA nephropathy. The methods are also useful for screening and selecting for compounds that have an effect on diseases associated with increased levels of IgA, such as IgA nephropathy, the further study of these compounds, and the possible administration of selected compounds to humans in order to regulate diseases associated with increased levels of IgA, such as IgA nephropathy.

The present invention is illustrated by the following examples. It is to be understood that the particular examples, materials, amounts, and procedures are to be interpreted broadly in accordance with the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth herein.

Example 1

We have established that mice deficient in the immuno-modulatory peptide FDC-SP develop the features of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). FDC-SP KO mice develop up to 10 fold elevation of IgA in serum, saliva and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. IgA expressing B lymphocytes are significantly increased in circulation and several lymphoid tissues and isolated B lymphocytes show enhanced IgA production in vitro. These mice show evidence of IgA deposition in kidneys and moderate kidney pathology, characterized by mesangial hyperproliferation and protein deposition in some glomeruli. Serum creatinine and urea levels are within normal levels consistent with chronic kidney dysfunction rather than acute severe injury.

Materials and Methods FDC-SP-Deficient and Transgenic Mice

FDC-SP-deficient mice were generated by Biogen-Idec using the targeting construct illustrated in FIG. 2. The construct was linearized and transfected into 129/Sv ES cells by electroporation. G418 resistant colonies were screened by PCR and Southern blot and a correctly targeted clone was injected into C57BL6 blastocysts, which were then implanted into pseudo-pregnant foster mothers. Chimeric offspring were identified by coat color and bred to assess germline transmission. Pups positive for the targeted FDC-SP allele were crossed with Cre transgenics to generate the collapsed targeted FDC-SP locus. The collapsed locus was transmitted in the germline through subsequent back-crossing to C57BL6 mice, during which the Cre transgene was removed. Homozygous FDC-SP-deficient mice were generated after back-crossing to C57BL6 for 7 generations at University of Manitoba. Mice were genotyped using DNA extracted from ear punches, using the following primers. The wild type allele was amplified with GGGATAAAGTGATAAAAACGAATAGCCA (SEQ ID NO:11) and ACGGAAATCCAGAAGATGCAAGCCT (SEQ ID NO:12) to result in a 430 by product. The knockout allele was amplified with GGGATAAAGTGATAAAAACGAATAGCCA (SEQ ID NO:11) and GGAGGAGTAGAAGGTGGCGCGAAG (SEQ ID NO:13) to result in a 522 by product.

FDC-SP transgenic CD1 mice (i.e., mice constitutively expressing FDC-SP in lymphoid tissues) were generated as described (Al-Alwan et al., 2007, J. Immunol., 178:7859-7867). All experimental animals were housed at the Central Animal Care Facility (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB) in compliance with the guidelines established by the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

Flow Cytometry Analyses

Single cell suspensions were generated from the indicated tissues and were pre-incubated with hybridoma supernatant containing Fc receptor blocking antibody. The indicated conjugated Abs were added from the following panel: V500-labeled anti-CD4, PE anti-CD5, FITC anti-CD11b, FITC anti-CD21, PE anti-CD23, PerCP anti-CD45R/B220, FITC anti-CD54/B220, PE anti-CD43, PE anti-Grl and APC anti-IgM (all BD Biosciences), Pacific Blue anti-CD8, AlexaFluor647 anti-mouse CD4 and PE anti-mouse IgA (eBioscience). Stained cells were washed and acquired on a FACS Canto II flow cytometer (BD Biosciences). Data were analyzed using FlowJo software (TreeStar).

Immunization and Antibody Measurements

Serum, saliva and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected from 10-14 week old FDC-SP-deficient mice, FDC-SP transgenic mice and strain, age and sex-matched controls. Where indicated mice were immunized intraperitoneally with NP-OVA, alum and LPS. For ELISA assays, ninety-six well assay plates were coated overnight at 4° C. with capture antibodies or antigen diluted in carbonate coating buffer (0.015M Na₂CO₃, 0.035M NaHCO₃, 0.05% NaN₃, pH 9.6). Total antibodies levels were determined by coating with anti-mouse IgM or IgA (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) and NP-specific antibodies levels were determined by coating plates with NP20-BSA (Biosearch Technologies). Detection was carried out using biotinylated anti-mouse IgM or IgA antibodies (Southern Biotechnology) followed by streptavidin alkaline phosphatase.

B Cell Isolation and Cultures

Mouse splenocytes were collected and B cells were purified by negative selection with the CD43 MicroBeads and MACS columns (Miltenyi Biotech). Purified B cells were incubated in dishes coated with goat anti-mouse IgA (4 μg/ml) for 70 min at 4° C., resulting in >95% depletion of sIgA⁺ cells. IgA-depleted B cells were then washed and resuspended in complete medium (RPMI 1640 containing penicillin-streptomycin, 2-mercaptoethanol and 10% FBS). A total of 4 10⁵ cells/well were cultured in flat-bottomed, 96-well tissue-culture plates in a volume of 100 μl complete medium containing 10 μg/ml LPS (Escherichia coli 0127:B8; Sigma Chemical Co.), 100 U/ml murine IL-5 (R&D Systems) and 1 ng/ml TGF-β1 (R&D Systems). After 2 hours of culture an additional 100 μl/well of medium containing the indicated FDC-SP peptides was added. After 5 days of culture, supernatants were harvested for ELISA analysis and cells for flow cytometry. FDC-SP containing L cell supernatants were generated from stable transfectants generated as described (Al-Alwan et al., 2007, J. Immunol., 178:7859-7867). Serum-free supernatants were prepared by extensively washing and culturing confluent L cells in medium containing 0.5% BSA overnight. Supernatants were harvested and used immediately or aliquoted and stored frozen at −80° C. Synthetic FDC-SP peptides were purchased from Neo BioScience (Cambridge, Mass.) and were greater than 98% pure.

Urine and Kidney Analyses:

Kidneys were harvested from 8 month old FDC-SP deficient mice and either embedded in O.C.T. compound (Tissue Tek) and snap frozen using liquid nitrogen for cryosectioning or formalin fixed for pathology analyses. Cryosections were cut at 8 μm using a cryostat and placed onto slides (Fisherbrand Superfrost/Plus). Frozen sections were fixed for 15-20 minutes using ice cold acetone, blocked with 10% normal goat serum for 1 hr and stained with FITC anti-IgA (Southern Biotechnology). After mounting, sections were imaged using a confocal microscope (Ultraview LCI, Perkin-Elmer). For pathology analyses, formalin fixed kidneys were paraffin embedded, sectioned and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or periodic acid—Schiff stains. For 24 hour urine protein assay, individual mice were put in a metabolic cage with water but no food for 24 hours. Collected urine was clarified by centrifugation at 3000 rpm and protein measured using Bradford protein assay (Biorad). Total protein was determined by multiplying protein concentration by volume and was independently measured 3 times per animal.

Results FDC-SP-Deficient (KO) Mice and FDC-SP Transgenic (TG) Mice

FIG. 1A shows an alignment of FDC-SP protein sequences from mouse, rat, human and chimpanzee. FIG. 1B shows the mouse FDC-SP nucleotide sequence (cDNA). Transgenic mice constitutively expressing FDC-SP in all lymphoid tissues were generated as described in (Al-Alwan et al., 2007, J. Immunol., 178:7859-7867). FIG. 2A illustrates the gene targeting construct used to generate mice devoid of FDC-SP (FDC-SP KO). FIG. 2B represents the nucleotide sequence of the FDC-SP gene targeting construct.

FDC-SP Regulates IgA Production In Vivo

As shown in FIG. 3, saliva was collected from anesthetized 10-14 week old control CD1 mice (WT) or FDC-SP transgenic (TG) mice and then animals were sacrificed by cardiac puncture to collect blood. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) fluid was collected by flushing lungs with 10 mL of PBS. Levels of IgA or IgM antibody isotypes were measured using specific ELISA assays. The results show FDC-SP transgenic mice have reduced IgA levels in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and saliva, whereas IgM levels are not reduced.

As shown in FIG. 4, saliva was collected from anesthetized 10-14 week old control C57BL6 mice (WT) or FDC-SP knockout (KO) mice and then animals were sacrificed by cardiac puncture to collect blood. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) fluid was collected by flushing lungs with 10 mL of PBS. Levels of the indicated antibody isotypes were measured using specific ELISA assays. The results show FDC-SP knockout mice have enhanced IgA levels that persist for over one year.

Together the data in FIGS. 3 and 4 indicate that the products of the FDC-SP gene can regulate IgA production in vivo.

FDC-SP is not Required for B Lymphocyte Development, but Controls the Generation of IgA+Cells

As shown in FIG. 5, lymph node, spleen and blood cells were collected from young adult FDC-SP KO mice and frequency of IgA+B lymphocytes were measured by flow cytometry. Bottom panels represent results from additional flow cytometry analyses which indicate otherwise normal B cell subset composition in FDC-SP KO mice. Graphs represent mean and SEM of 4 mice per genotype. The results show that FDC-SP KO mice have relatively normal B lymphocyte populations but an increased frequency of IgA+B cells.

FDC-SP Derived Peptides can Directly Suppress B Cell IgA Production In Vitro

As shown in FIG. 6, B cells were purified from spleens of control (WT) or FDC-SP KO mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli, supernatants were harvested and IgA production was assessed by ELISA assays. The results show that B cells isolated from FDC-SP knockout mice generate more IgA when stimulated in vitro.

As shown in FIG. 7, B cells were purified from spleens of control or FDC-SP TG mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli, supernatants were harvested and IgA production was assessed by ELISA assays. The results show B cells isolated from FDC-SP transgenic mice generate less IgA when stimulated in vitro.

As shown in FIG. 8, B cells were purified from spleens of C57BL6 mice using negative selection with anti-CD43 coupled magnetic beads. Cells were cultured for 5 days with the indicated stimuli and the indicated percentage of a supernatant containing recombinant FDC-SP (FDC-SP SN) or a control supernatant (Control SN). IgA production was assessed by ELISA assays. The results show that addition of recombinant FDC-SP in the form of supernatant of L cells transfected with FDC-SP expression vector suppressed IgA production in vitro.

As shown in FIG. 9, the indicated synthetic peptides P1-P3 corresponding to mouse FDC-SP were purchased and added to cultures of mouse B cells stimulated to produce IgA. The resulting levels of IgA or IgM production were assessed by ELISA assays of culture supernatants. Percentage of cultured cells expressing IgA was also determined by flow cytometry (middle graph). Note that peptide P1 had no effect. Control peptides C1 and C2 are scrambled versions of corresponding FDC-SP derived peptides. The results show portions of FDC-SP have direct inhibitory activity on B cell IgA production in vitro.

As shown in FIG. 10, the effect of the indicated synthetic peptides on IgA or IgM production were assessed by ELISA assays of culture supernatants. Control peptide C5 is a scrambled version of P8. The results show the 6-mer represented by P8 is sufficient to inhibit B cell IgA production in vitro.

Urine and Kidney Analyses Show IgA Nephropathy-Like Disease in FDC-SP KO Mice

As shown in FIG. 11, urine or serum collected from mice greater than one year old were assessed for the indicated biomarkers of kidney dysfunction. The results show significant proteinurea and hematuria in FDC-SP KO mice, indicating chronic nephropathy.

As shown in FIG. 12, kidneys from FDC-SP KO mice were assessed for abnormal histology by staining sections of formalin-fixed kidney with H&E or PAS stain. Abnormal glomeruli with mesangial hypercellularity were noted and glomerular capillary hyaline thrombi were present, indicating protein deposits.

As showed in FIG. 13, further analysis of kidney cryosections stained with FITC-labeled anti-IgA showed evidence of mesangial IgA deposition.

Together these results indicate that the elevated IgA levels in FDC-SP KO mice result in kidney pathology similar to that of IgA nephropathy.

The FDC-SP mouse model offers a tool to dissect the molecular and cellular pathology of IgAN and test new targeted treatments. The available evidence suggests that FDC-SP acts to regulate induction or retention of IgA producing B cells at mucosal sites. The model thus replicates a key aspect of the human disease etiology, where disruption of mucosal B cell regulation is thought to lead to abnormal systemic IgA production. FDC-SP is not normally expressed in kidney tissue, thus this model also facilitates studies focused on the pathology attributable to dysregulated IgA.

The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications, and electronically available material (including, for instance, nucleotide sequence submissions in, e.g., GenBank and RefSeq, and amino acid sequence submissions in, e.g., SwissProt, PIR, PRF, PDB, and translations from annotated coding regions in GenBank and RefSeq) cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Supplementary materials referenced in publications (such as supplementary tables, supplementary figures, supplementary materials and methods, and/or supplementary experimental data) are likewise incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the event that any inconsistency exists between the disclosure of the present application and the disclosure(s) of any document incorporated herein by reference, the disclosure of the present application shall govern. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described, for variations obvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the invention defined by the claims.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of components, molecular weights, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless otherwise indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. All numerical values, however, inherently contain a range necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements.

All headings are for the convenience of the reader and should not be used to limit the meaning of the text that follows the heading, unless so specified. 

1.-9. (canceled)
 10. A method for altering IgA concentration in a subject comprising administering to the subject in need thereof an effective amount of an FDC-SP polypeptide, wherein the FDC-SP polypeptide results in a decreased IgA level in the subject compared to the subject before the administration.
 11. The method of claim 10 wherein the IgA level is decreased in serum, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, in saliva, or a combination thereof.
 12. The method of claim 10 wherein the method further comprises identifying a subject having or at risk of an IgA mediated condition.
 13. The method of claim 10 wherein the FDC-SP polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4.
 14. The method of claim 10 wherein the FDC-SP polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid similarity with a subset of consecutive amino acids chosen from SEQ ID NO:2 or
 4. 15. The method of claim 10 wherein the decrease is a decrease of at least 10%.
 16. A method for treating a subject comprising: administering to the subject an effective amount of a FDC-SP polypeptide, wherein the subject has signs of a disorder that comprises excessive IgA production.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein the disorder comprises a glomerulonephritis.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the glomerulonephritis is selected from IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura.
 19. The method of claim 16 wherein the disorder comprises IgA pemphigus.
 20. An animal comprising decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence.
 21. The animal of claim 20 wherein the animal has at least one of the following: increased IgA in serum, saliva, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, or a combination thereof; increased IgA expressing B lymphocytes in circulation, lymphoid tissue, or a combination thereof; or increased IgA production in vitro by isolated B lymphocytes; wherein the increase is compared to a control mouse, develops features of IgA nephropathy selected from the group of IgA deposition in kidneys, mesangial hyperproliferation, and polypeptide deposition in glomeruli, or a combination thereof.
 22. The animal of claim 20 wherein the animal comprises a heterozygous disruption of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence, and wherein the animal is not a human.
 23. The animal of claim 20 wherein the animal comprises a homozygous disruption of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence, and wherein the animal is not a human.
 24. The animal of claim 20 wherein the animal is a mouse.
 25. A cell from the animal of claim 20, wherein the cell comprises decreased expression of an endogenous FDC-SP coding sequence.
 26. The cell of claim 25 wherein the cell is a follicular dendritic cell, a monocyte, or a macrophage.
 27. A tissue from the animal of claim
 20. 28. The tissue of claim 27 wherein the tissue is selected from lymphoid tissue. 29.-34. (canceled)
 35. (canceled)
 36. An isolated polypeptide having immunomodulatory activity, wherein the polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence X₁X₂X₃PWX₄ (SEQ ID NO:1), wherein X₁ and X₂ are any amino acid, X₃ is Y, F, or N, and X₄ is Y or F, and wherein the amino acid sequence of the isolated polypeptide has at least 90% amino acid and no greater than 99% similarity with SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:4.
 37. (canceled) 